# learnProblem.py - A Learning Problem # AIFCA Python3 code Version 0.9.5 Documentation at http://aipython.org # Download the zip file and read aipython.pdf for documentation # Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents http://artint.info # Copyright David L Poole and Alan K Mackworth 2017-2022. # This work is licensed under a Creative Commons # Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. # See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en import math, random, statistics import csv from display import Displayable from utilities import argmax boolean = [False, True] class Data_set(Displayable): """ A data set consists of a list of training data and a list of test data. """ def __init__(self, train, test=None, prob_test=0.20, target_index=0, header=None, target_type= None, seed=None): #12345): """A dataset for learning. train is a list of tuples representing the training examples test is the list of tuples representing the test examples if test is None, a test set is created by selecting each example with probability prob_test target_index is the index of the target. If negative, it counts from right. If target_index is larger than the number of properties, there is no target (for unsupervised learning) header is a list of names for the features target_type is either None for automatic detection of target type or one of "numerical", "boolean", "cartegorical" seed is for random number; None gives a different test set each time """ if seed: # given seed makes partition consistent from run-to-run random.seed(seed) if test is None: train,test = partition_data(train, prob_test) self.train = train self.test = test self.display(1,"Training set has",len(train),"examples. Number of columns: ",{len(e) for e in train}) self.display(1,"Test set has",len(test),"examples. Number of columns: ",{len(e) for e in test}) self.prob_test = prob_test self.num_properties = len(self.train[0]) if target_index < 0: #allows for -1, -2, etc. self.target_index = self.num_properties + target_index else: self.target_index = target_index self.header = header self.domains = [set() for i in range(self.num_properties)] for example in self.train: for ind,val in enumerate(example): self.domains[ind].add(val) self.conditions_cache = {} # cache for computed conditions self.create_features() if target_type: self.target.ftype = target_type self.display(1,"There are",len(self.input_features),"input features") def __str__(self): if self.train and len(self.train)>0: return ("Data: "+str(len(self.train))+" training examples, " +str(len(self.test))+" test examples, " +str(len(self.train[0]))+" features.") else: return ("Data: "+str(len(self.train))+" training examples, " +str(len(self.test))+" test examples.") def create_features(self): """create the set of features """ self.target = None self.input_features = [] for i in range(self.num_properties): def feat(e,index=i): return e[index] if self.header: feat.__doc__ = self.header[i] else: feat.__doc__ = "e["+str(i)+"]" feat.frange = list(self.domains[i]) feat.ftype = self.infer_type(feat.frange) if i == self.target_index: self.target = feat else: self.input_features.append(feat) def infer_type(self,domain): """Infers the type of a feature with domain """ if all(v in {True,False} for v in domain): return "boolean" if all(isinstance(v,(float,int)) for v in domain): return "numeric" else: return "categorical" def conditions(self, max_num_cuts=8, categorical_only = False): """returns a set of boolean conditions from the input features max_num_cuts is the maximum number of cute for numerical features categorical_only is true if only categorical features are made binary """ if (max_num_cuts, categorical_only) in self.conditions_cache: return self.conditions_cache[(max_num_cuts, categorical_only)] conds = [] for ind,frange in enumerate(self.domains): if ind != self.target_index and len(frange)>1: if len(frange) == 2: # two values, the feature is equality to one of them. true_val = list(frange)[1] # choose one as true def feat(e, i=ind, tv=true_val): return e[i]==tv if self.header: feat.__doc__ = f"{self.header[ind]}=={true_val}" else: feat.__doc__ = f"e[{ind}]=={true_val}" feat.frange = boolean feat.ftype = "boolean" conds.append(feat) elif all(isinstance(val,(int,float)) for val in frange): if categorical_only: # numerical, don't make cuts def feat(e, i=ind): return e[i] feat.__doc__ = f"e[{ind}]" conds.append(feat) else: # all numeric, create cuts of the data sorted_frange = sorted(frange) num_cuts = min(max_num_cuts,len(frange)) cut_positions = [len(frange)*i//num_cuts for i in range(1,num_cuts)] for cut in cut_positions: cutat = sorted_frange[cut] def feat(e, ind_=ind, cutat=cutat): return e[ind_] < cutat if self.header: feat.__doc__ = self.header[ind]+"<"+str(cutat) else: feat.__doc__ = "e["+str(ind)+"]<"+str(cutat) feat.frange = boolean feat.ftype = "boolean" conds.append(feat) else: # create an indicator function for every value for val in frange: def feat(e, ind_=ind, val_=val): return e[ind_] == val_ if self.header: feat.__doc__ = self.header[ind]+"=="+str(val) else: feat.__doc__= "e["+str(ind)+"]=="+str(val) feat.frange = boolean feat.ftype = "boolean" conds.append(feat) self.conditions_cache[(max_num_cuts, categorical_only)] = conds return conds def evaluate_dataset(self, data, predictor, error_measure): """Evaluates predictor on data according to the error_measure predictor is a function that takes an example and returns a prediction for the target features. error_measure(prediction,actual) -> non-negative real """ if data: try: value = statistics.mean(error_measure(predictor(e), self.target(e)) for e in data) except ValueError: # if error_measure gives an error return float("inf") # infinity return value else: return math.nan # not a number class Evaluate(object): """A container for the evaluation measures""" def squared_loss(prediction, actual): "squared loss " if isinstance(prediction, (list,dict)): return (1-prediction[actual])**2 # the correct value is 1 else: return (prediction-actual)**2 def absolute_loss(prediction, actual): "absolute loss " if isinstance(prediction, (list,dict)): return abs(1-prediction[actual]) # the correct value is 1 else: return abs(prediction-actual) def log_loss(prediction, actual): "log loss (bits)" try: if isinstance(prediction, (list,dict)): return -math.log2(prediction[actual]) else: return -math.log2(prediction) if actual==1 else -math.log2(1-prediction) except ValueError: return float("inf") # infinity def accuracy(prediction, actual): "accuracy " if isinstance(prediction, dict): prev_val = prediction[actual] return 1 if all(prev_val >= v for v in prediction.values()) else 0 if isinstance(prediction, list): prev_val = prediction[actual] return 1 if all(prev_val >= v for v in prediction) else 0 else: return 1 if abs(actual-prediction) <= 0.5 else 0 all_criteria = [accuracy, absolute_loss, squared_loss, log_loss] def partition_data(data, prob_test=0.30): """partitions the data into a training set and a test set, where prob_test is the probability of each example being in the test set. """ train = [] test = [] for example in data: if random.random() < prob_test: test.append(example) else: train.append(example) return train, test class Data_from_file(Data_set): def __init__(self, file_name, separator=',', num_train=None, prob_test=0.3, has_header=False, target_index=0, boolean_features=True, categorical=[], target_type= None, include_only=None, seed=None): #seed=12345): """create a dataset from a file separator is the character that separates the attributes num_train is a number specifying the first num_train tuples are training, or None prob_test is the probability an example should in the test set (if num_train is None) has_header is True if the first line of file is a header target_index specifies which feature is the target boolean_features specifies whether we want to create Boolean features (if False, it uses the original features). categorical is a set (or list) of features that should be treated as categorical target_type is either None for automatic detection of target type or one of "numerical", "boolean", "cartegorical" include_only is a list or set of indexes of columns to include """ self.boolean_features = boolean_features with open(file_name,'r',newline='') as csvfile: self.display(1,"Loading",file_name) # data_all = csv.reader(csvfile,delimiter=separator) # for more complicated CSV files data_all = (line.strip().split(separator) for line in csvfile) if include_only is not None: data_all = ([v for (i,v) in enumerate(line) if i in include_only] for line in data_all) if has_header: header = next(data_all) else: header = None data_tuples = (interpret_elements(d) for d in data_all if len(d)>1) if num_train is not None: # training set is divided into training then text examples # the file is only read once, and the data is placed in appropriate list train = [] for i in range(num_train): # will give an error if insufficient examples train.append(next(data_tuples)) test = list(data_tuples) Data_set.__init__(self,train, test=test, target_index=target_index,header=header) else: # randomly assign training and test examples Data_set.__init__(self,data_tuples, test=None, prob_test=prob_test, target_index=target_index, header=header, seed=seed, target_type=target_type) class Data_from_files(Data_set): def __init__(self, train_file_name, test_file_name, separator=',', has_header=False, target_index=0, boolean_features=True, categorical=[], target_type= None, include_only=None): """create a dataset from separate training and file separator is the character that separates the attributes num_train is a number specifying the first num_train tuples are training, or None prob_test is the probability an example should in the test set (if num_train is None) has_header is True if the first line of file is a header target_index specifies which feature is the target boolean_features specifies whether we want to create Boolean features (if False, it uses the original features). categorical is a set (or list) of features that should be treated as categorical target_type is either None for automatic detection of target type or one of "numerical", "boolean", "cartegorical" include_only is a list or set of indexes of columns to include """ self.boolean_features = boolean_features with open(train_file_name,'r',newline='') as train_file: with open(test_file_name,'r',newline='') as test_file: # data_all = csv.reader(csvfile,delimiter=separator) # for more complicated CSV files train_data = (line.strip().split(separator) for line in train_file) test_data = (line.strip().split(separator) for line in test_file) if include_only is not None: train_data = ([v for (i,v) in enumerate(line) if i in include_only] for line in train_data) test_data = ([v for (i,v) in enumerate(line) if i in include_only] for line in test_data) if has_header: # this assumes the training file has a header and the test file doesn't header = next(train_data) else: header = None train_tuples = [interpret_elements(d) for d in train_data if len(d)>1] test_tuples = [interpret_elements(d) for d in test_data if len(d)>1] Data_set.__init__(self,train_tuples, test_tuples, target_index=target_index, header=header) def interpret_elements(str_list): """make the elements of string list str_list numerical if possible. Otherwise remove initial and trailing spaces. """ res = [] for e in str_list: try: res.append(int(e)) except ValueError: try: res.append(float(e)) except ValueError: se = e.strip() if se in ["True","true","TRUE"]: res.append[True] if se in ["False","false","FALSE"]: res.append[False] else: res.append(e.strip()) return res class Data_set_augmented(Data_set): def __init__(self, dataset, unary_functions=[], binary_functions=[], include_orig=True): """creates a dataset like dataset but with new features unary_function is a list of unary feature constructors binary_functions is a list of binary feature combiners. include_orig specifies whether the original features should be included """ self.orig_dataset = dataset self.unary_functions = unary_functions self.binary_functions = binary_functions self.include_orig = include_orig self.target = dataset.target Data_set.__init__(self,dataset.train, test=dataset.test, target_index = dataset.target_index) def create_features(self): if self.include_orig: self.input_features = self.orig_dataset.input_features.copy() else: self.input_features = [] for u in self.unary_functions: for f in self.orig_dataset.input_features: self.input_features.append(u(f)) for b in self.binary_functions: for f1 in self.orig_dataset.input_features: for f2 in self.orig_dataset.input_features: if f1 != f2: self.input_features.append(b(f1,f2)) def square(f): """a unary feature constructor to construct the square of a feature """ def sq(e): return f(e)**2 sq.__doc__ = f.__doc__+"**2" return sq def power_feat(n): """given n returns a unary feature constructor to construct the nth power of a feature. e.g., power_feat(2) is the same as square, defined above """ def fn(f,n=n): def pow(e,n=n): return f(e)**n pow.__doc__ = f.__doc__+"**"+str(n) return pow return fn def prod_feat(f1,f2): """a new feature that is the product of features f1 and f2 """ def feat(e): return f1(e)*f2(e) feat.__doc__ = f1.__doc__+"*"+f2.__doc__ return feat def eq_feat(f1,f2): """a new feature that is 1 if f1 and f2 give same value """ def feat(e): return 1 if f1(e)==f2(e) else 0 feat.__doc__ = f1.__doc__+"=="+f2.__doc__ return feat def neq_feat(f1,f2): """a new feature that is 1 if f1 and f2 give different values """ def feat(e): return 1 if f1(e)!=f2(e) else 0 feat.__doc__ = f1.__doc__+"!="+f2.__doc__ return feat # from learnProblem import Data_set_augmented,prod_feat # data = Data_from_file('data/holiday.csv', num_train=19, target_index=-1) # data = Data_from_file('data/iris.data', prob_test=1/3, target_index=-1) ## Data = Data_from_file('data/SPECT.csv', prob_test=0.5, target_index=0) # dataplus = Data_set_augmented(data,[],[prod_feat]) # dataplus = Data_set_augmented(data,[],[prod_feat,neq_feat]) from display import Displayable class Learner(Displayable): def __init__(self, dataset): raise NotImplementedError("Learner.__init__") # abstract method def learn(self): """returns a predictor, a function from a tuple to a value for the target feature """ raise NotImplementedError("learn") # abstract method