Hierarchical planning is discussed by Nau [2007]. Hierarchical reinforcement learning is covered by Dietterich [2000b]. Multiagent reinforcement learning is addressed by Stone [2007]. Inverse reinforcement learning is introduced in Ng and Russell [2000]

Mackworth [2009] presents some of the dangers and potentials of AI. The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (https://ai100.stanford.edu) is a longitudinal study of AI. It has issued a report, “Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030” [Stone et al., 2016] outlining recent progress in AI, forecasting developments up to 2030 and studying their impact on North American urban life and policy. The dangers of robotic warfare are outlined by Sharkey [2008] and Singer [2009, 2009]. The estimate of traffic accidents is from Peden [2004] and the estimate of the increase in traffic throughput is from Dresner and Stone [2008].

AIspace is described in Knoll et al. [2008].The development of RoboCup is sketched by Visser and Burkhard [2007].

Computational sustainability is introduced in Gomes [2009]. Assistive technology systems are described by Pollack [2005], Liu et al. [2006] and Yang and Mackworth [2007]. Smart wheelchairs are discussed by Mihailidis et al. [2007] and Viswanathan et al. [2007].

Shelley [1818] wrote about Dr. Frankenstein and his monster. Anderson and Leigh Anderson [2007] discuss robot ethics. Issues in robot regulation and robot law are covered in Calo [2014] and Calo et al. [2016]. The economic, social and employment impacts of AI and robotics are covered in Brynjolfsson and McAfee [2011, 2014] and Ford [2015]. Amodei et al. [2016] addresses issues in AI safety. The World Wide Mind is cited by Hillis [2008] and Kelly [2008].